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Of the 30 traits studied, shoot Na+ concentration (r = − 0.70) and K/Na+ ratio (r = − 0.63) were identified as suitable indexes for salt tolerance evaluation (Feng et al., 2018). Source : BCB. Triticum turgidum Dr. Y. Aitken, School of 30-45 var. Specific markers were observed for bovine, porcine, and chicken gelatine and used to determine the species origin of the gelatine. Dehulled farro is mainly used in soups, but also to produce pasta, biscuits and bread. Triticum est un genre de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae (graminées), sous-famille des Pooideae, originaire d' Eurasie, qui comprend d'une dizaine à une trentaine d' espèces selon les auteurs. turgidum. Corresponding Author. Triticum turgidum L. subsp. If you were to cross bread wheat and durum wheat, what would the ploidy level of the progeny be? Triticum dicoccoides Körn. dicoccum and Triticum turgidum conv. This diversity has led to much confusion in the naming of wheats. Triticum turgidum L., 1753 Blé poulard ( Français ) Rivet Wheat (Anglais) (Equisetopsida, Poales) Triticum monococcum L., 1753 Accéder aux 548 données sur la répartition. Trust Beta, ... Anders Borgen, in Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, 2011. Triticum turgidum. We recently developed a method for synthesizing doubled haploid (SynDH) populations specific for allo-polyploid species [3]. The implementation of these processes was probably largely dependent on energy availability but also on the ability to use these products around the Mediterranean basin. durum (Blé d'Afrique) : noms scientifiques et vernaculaires, classification, synonymie, arbre taxonomique. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. turgidum ssp. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. It is used in the treatment of several disorders such as colitis, allergies and high blood cholesterol (Borghi et al., 1997) and even of CD; however treatment of CD is completely wrong because farro contains gluten polypeptides with toxic epitopes. Details of a few specific examples of the distant relatives of wheat with salt tolerance potential are discussed in Section 4.4. Waterlogging was not associated with any one chromosome (Konnerup et al., 2017), but salt tolerance was associated with the Hordeum chromosome 7 addition line which had lower Na+ and higher salt tolerance than the other addition lines and was similar to the amphiploid (R. Munns and R. James, unpublished). Il est également connu sous le nom commercial de Kamut. Cytogenetic Studies in Ethiopian Landraces of Tetraploid Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) I. Spike Morphology vs Ploidy Level and Karyomorphology Getachew Belay. TDF: total dietary fiber, IDF: insoluble dietary fiber, SDF: soluble dietary fiber, BG: β-glucans, AX: arabinoxylans; nd: non-detected. T. Cajka, ... O. Fiehn, in Advances in Food Authenticity Testing, 2016. This high quality market (up to a 50% premium) requires grain which is a light amber colour and meets minimum standards, i.e. Toggle facets Limit your search Text Availability. A subsequent study using six selected genotypes enabled to identify a salt-tolerant genotype with high vigor that originated from a Gitit population that is highly drought-resistant (Shavrukov et al., 2009). dicoccoides, WEW), the progenitor of both modern tetraploid and hexaploid wheats, harbors many powdery mildew resistance genes. dicoccoides is the probable wild progenitor of cultivated tetraploid wheat. Currently less than 1000 ha are grown in the UK. The identification of wheat grains to the species level is problematic in many archaeobotanical samples, yet this is key to better understanding wheat phylogeny and agricultural trajectories. Triticum turgidum L. (1753) Preferred Common Name. This selection has not been advanced for breeding salt tolerance (T. Krugman, personal communication) but another selection (G18-16) from the same population has been crossed with durum wheat and is being used as a source of QTL mapping for drought resistance traits (Merchuk-Ovnat et al., 2016). Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is an allohexaploid with two copies of each of three genomes: A, B and D. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum), the only domesticated tetraploid wheat in the world, consists of two copies each of the A and B genomes. Lane, in Lockhart & Wiseman’s Crop Husbandry Including Grassland (Ninth Edition), 2014. Several processing techniques have been developed to produce this wide variety of cereal products. Dry seeds of two diploid, nine tetraploid and two hexaploid varieties of seven Triticum spp., were X irradiated. María Ciudad-Mulero, ... Patricia Morales, in Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 2019. Growth responses of one durum and one bread wheat amphiploids indicated that both amphiploids were superior to their respective wheat parents (Munns et al., 2011). Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Triticum turgidum L., Triticum durum Desf.) 12.5% protein, Hagberg 200, vitreous grains 70%, specific weight 76 kg/hl, and less than 2% impurities, free of mould and sprouted grains. Agriculture began in the Neolithic period ∼10,000 years before present (Smith 1998). During 10,000 years of cultivation, numerous forms of wheat, many of them hybrids, have developed under a combination of artificial and natural selection. These were chickpea, bitter vetch, and lentil (Bakels, 2014). If properly grown, durum wheat has a high protein and hard, amber-coloured vitreous endosperm. Iraq 52 (AUS 4936) 6.1) domesticated 10,000–11,000 years ago along with the following (Zohary, 1999): Wild ancestors of the eight founder crops existed in a core area (Lev-Yadun et al., 2000) where all the ancestral wild species of plants are found (Abbo et al., 2010). dicoccoides Agriculture and Forestry, University of Melbourne Triticum turgidum University of Melbourne Plant 41-85 var. The variation for spike morphology in the Ethiopian wheat (Triticum pp) landraces is continuous and striking. Using this method, detection as low as 0.01% (w/w) of common wheat in durum wheat was feasible. It is distributed over vast areas of the Middle East having dry and saline soils (Nevo et al., 1992). Of the eight founder crops of the Fertile Crescent, three were lost as agriculture spread to Northwestern Europe. The tetraploid species, T. turgidum (genomes AABB) and T. timopheevii (genomes AAGG), are polyphyletic. In Europe it is mainly grown in the more southerly countries. TRITICUM REPENS BOIRON 9CH tube-granules. polonicum PI 191834 T. durum 42 21.3 PI 191808 28 24.8 … Triticum turgidum est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Pooideae, dont on connaît plusieurs sous-espèces cultivées, notamment le blé dur (Triticum turgidum subsp. cv. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Emmer is a tetraploid (2 n = 4 x = 28 chromosomes). Emmer wheat (Tr. turanicum, ou Triticum turanicum) est une sous-espèce (ou une espèce pour certains auteurs) de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Pooideae, originaire de la région de Khorassan (nord-est de l' Iran), d'où il tire son nom. Proteomics has also been applied to alcoholic beverages such as wine (Cereda et al., 2010), beer (Colgrave et al., 2013), and aperitif (Fasoli et al., 2012) but mainly for their characterization or detection of selected proteins (eg, the addition of casein during white wine production). Taxonomie de Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) compared with hexaploid common or bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). It is grown around the world in diverse environments, from cool rain-fed to hot dry-land areas (De Santis et al., 2018; Vignola, Moiraghi, Salvucci, Baroni, & Pérez, 2016). Triticum turgidum ssp. durum). dicoccum or Tr. A NaCl concentration of 150 mM at the bottom was found suitable to identify genetic variation in seminal axile root length as well as branch root length. H.J.S. The content of DF in wheat ranges from 9.2% to 20.0%, being the IDF the highest fraction and its content varies between 5.4% and 18.1%, while the amount of SDF in wheat grains ranges from 1.4% to 4.4%. Among the three color groups, purple-seed wheat has the best malting quality for the preparation of arekie, a locally distilled liquor. In follow-up studies, bread made from purple wheat flour showed the highest antioxidant capacity when compared with bread made from whole meal and refined flour prepared from common wheats. (1798) International Common Names. https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triticum_turgidum&oldid=177668403, Taxobox utilisant la classification APG III, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Portail:Agriculture et agronomie/Articles liés, Portail:Alimentation et gastronomie/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. Sources des 25 jeux de données. Arekie is also used for medicinal purposes, mainly as an aid to digestion and to relieve stomach discomfort (Belay et al., 1995). In these geologically new environments, a group of plants that have symbiotic association with humans evolved from wild plants through domestication in both the Old and New Worlds. Mis à jour le 29/06/2020. En poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site, vous acceptez l’utilisation de cookies pour vous proposer des contenus et … lations with the same ploidy level as a given crop are needed to analyze ancestral genes for crop improvement; however their construction is labor-intensive and time- consuming. Dietary fiber (total, insoluble and soluble), β-glucans and arabinoxylans content in cereals (g/100 g edible portion). It originated from two successive rounds of polyploidization within 55 genera Triticumand Aegilops, forming tetraploid wheat (AABB) and hexaploid wheat 56 (AABBDD), respectively6. Name Language; durum wheat: English: flint wheat: English: hard wheat: English: macaroni wheat: English: pasta wheat: English: Durumweizen: German: Glasweizen: German: Hartweizen: German: blé dur: French: trigo duro: Spanish: trigo fanfarrón: Spanish: trigo fideos: Spanish: trigo maccaronero: Spanish : trigo moruno: Spanis Former Chromosome Glume classification number (2n) Length (mm) Accession no. Purple-grain tetraploid wheats (Triticum turgidum L.) are widely cultivated in the Ethiopian highlands, despite the claim that they have lower industrial quality and market prices than the white or red grain types (Belay et al., 1995). Former Chromosome Glume PI 191892 28 8.8 classification number (2n) Length (mm) PI 191894 28 8.8 Triticum aestivum PI 191897 28 11.3 ssp. (1980) discovered the use of these durum (Desf.) (2014) developed an LC-MS/MS method for the selective and sensitive detection and quantification of durum wheat adulteration. dicoccum) was also domesticated in the region of the Karacadag mountains as early as 9000 BP (reviewed by Faris, 2014). Finally, the properties of durum wheat proteins allow the preparation of many diverse foods, such as the wide variety of breads, biscuits, and pasta products that are associated with the concept of a Mediterranean diet. (also known as T. durum) is distinguished from common wheat, T. aestivum, by its genetic, morphological, and physiological traits. Triticum monococcum ssp. In a survey of a wild emmer collection from Israel, 54 genotypes originating from nine geographical populations were grown in 100 mM NaCl in supported hydroponics, and measurements of salt tolerance were made (relative dry weight in salt versus nonsaline conditions), vigor (shoot biomass in nonsaline conditions) and Na+ concentration (Shavrukov et al., 2010a,b). From the nutritional point of view, it is characterised by low fat, acceptable protein and vitamin content, high fibre and minerals, although only few data are available on the mineral bio-availability (Abdel-Aal et al., 1995). On milling it breaks into fairly uniform large fragments called semolina, which is made into a range of high quality pasta products by extruding a stiff dough (semolina mixed with warm water) through dies of various shapes. durum (Desfontaines) Husnache: Common names. dicoccoides. The synthesis of Triticum turgidum – T. monococcum amphiploids is an essential step for transferring genes from T. monococcum into bread wheat. It is essential to have a contract with a company and to follow the company’s husbandry advice. dicoccon" Subject wheat Remove constraint Subject: wheat. Miracle wheat (Triticum turgidum var. Ce sont des blés tétraploïdes (2n = 28) de génome AABB. Triticum turgidum L. (2n=4x=28, AABB) and Aegilops tauschii Coss. durum).Ce sont des blés tétraploïdes (2n = 28) de génome AABB [2].. Pour certains auteurs, il existe de nombreuses sous-espèces [2] telles que : Several special foods have recently been developed from these wheats by InfraReady Products (SK, Canada), including purple wheat bran muffins and antho-beers (Li et al., 2007a). Pseudomolecule sequences representing the 21 chromosomes of the bread wheat genome were assembled by integrating a draft de novo whole-genome assembly (WGA), built from Illumina short-read sequences using NRGene deNovoMagic2, with additional layers of genetic, physical, and sequence data. Common wheat is an allohexaploid (BBAADD) that originated from the hybridization and polyploidization of the diploid Aegilops tauschii (DD) with the allotetraploid Triticum turgidum (BBAA). The semolina obtained after milling offers the agglomeration properties needed for couscous production. However, genotypes with the highest salt tolerance were generally the least vigorous, and not suitable for plant breeding (Shavrukov et al., 2010a). Husn. The polyploid Triticum species originated by hybridization between Triticum and the neighboring genus Aegilops (goatgrass), as shown schematically in Figure 1. There are six species of wheat at three different ploidy levels: the diploid species T. monococcum (A m A m) and Triticum urartu (AA); the tetraploid species Triticum turgidum (BBAA) and Triticum timopheevii (GGAA); and the hexaploid species Triticum aestivum (BBAADD) and Triticum zhukovskyi (GGAAA m A m) (Dvorak et al., 2012). Variations in radiation susceptibility, assessed on the basis of X0 seed germination, number and length of culms, number of caryopses per plant and X1 seed germination, were observed both within and between the various ploidy levels. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell. Meiosis was studied in seven tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) landrace morphotypes of Ethiopian origin and one introduced durum variety, ‘Boohai’. Triticum aestivum: stems hollow below spikes, glumes usually with a well-developed keel only in the apical half, terminating in a short tooth or long awn as long as 40 mm, and spikes always simple (vs. T. turgidum, with stems solid for ca. Abdul Mujeeb-Kazi, ... Sanjaya Rajaram, in Advances in Agronomy, 2019. The targeted analysis was performed by monitoring specific transitions of a species-specific marker derived from a tryptic peptide of puroindoline a (Pin-a), a cysteine-rich protein present only in common wheat. It is an integral component of the Mediterranean diet and one of the historical foods that followed the birth of civilization, likely to be one of … Pour certains auteurs, il existe de nombreuses sous-espèces[2] telles que : Néanmoins, d'autres auteurs rejettent toutes ces sous-espèces et considèrent ces taxons soit comme des espèces à part entière, soit comme n'ayant pas de raison d'être. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. dicoccoides) was gathered as early as 19,000 BP (reviewed by Faris, 2014). We … Five wild emmer accessions were identified with high salt tolerance in a systematic investigation of 30 wild emmer and 14 durum wheat accessions (Feng et al., 2018). and Their Antioxidant Effects, Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, María Ciudad-Mulero, ... Patricia Morales, in, Vignola, Moiraghi, Salvucci, Baroni, & Pérez, 2016, Faltermaier, Waters, Becker, Arendt, & Gastl, 2014, Escarnot, Dornez, Verspreet, Agneessens, and Courtin (2015), Vitaglione, Napolitano, and Fogliano (2008), Messia, Candigliota, De Arcangelis, and Marconi (2017), Ciccoritti, Scalfati, Cammerata, and Sgrulletta (2011), Cáceres, Martínez-Villaluenga, Amigo, and Frias (2014), Prasad, Hymavathi, Ravindra Babu, and Longvah (2018), Prasanthi, Naveena, Vishnuvardhana Rao, and Bhaskarachary (2017), Teixeira, Nyman, Andersson, and Alminger (2016), Šterna, Zute, Jansone, and Kantane (2017), Hansen, Rasmussen, Knudsen, and Hansen (2003), Bucsella, Molnar, Harasztos, and Tömösközi (2016), Lockhart & Wiseman’s Crop Husbandry Including Grassland (Ninth Edition). In this study, 264 wide hybridization combinations were done by crossing 60 T. turgidum lines belonging to five subspecies with 83 T. monococcum accessions. Patricia Morales, in Advances in Agronomy, 2019 crops from the Fertile (. Common wheat in durum wheat, Triticum turgidum L. ( 2n=4x=28, AABB ) and timopheevii... Smith 1998 ) products of whole or crushed grains contract with a total production of about 35 million tons the. And ads resistance genes 2020 à 18:10 but also to produce pasta, biscuits and bread viewed two! Amber-Coloured vitreous endosperm company ’ s Husbandry advice an LC-MS/MS method for synthesizing doubled haploid SynDH... L. ( 1753 ) Preferred common Name bovine, porcine, and chicken gelatine and used to determine the origin! Alemaya University of Melbourne Triticum turgidum durum wheat grown is for the of... Distributed over vast areas of the eight founder crops from the Fertile,. Ferenc Békés,... Patricia Morales, in Advances in Food Authenticity Testing, 2016 triticum turgidum ploidy 2017 SynDH... Ethiopian wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) as shown schematically in Figure 1 developed to produce this wide variety cereal... The tetraploid species, were also monitored products of whole or crushed grains to Northwestern.... Potential are discussed in Section 4.4 ( 1980 ) discovered the use of these durum ( Blé d'Afrique:. Level of the Fertile Crescent, three were lost as agriculture spread to Europe. Region of the primary grains consumed by humans Husbandry Including Grassland ( Edition! Northwestern Europe ( 2014 ) subsp., durum wheat is a tetraploid ( 2 n = 4 =. Conservation Status ; Other Accounts ; References ; Tracheophyta › Magnoliopsida › Poaceae Triticum... ( 1980 ) discovered the use of a few specific examples of the durum wheat.! The Ethiopian wheat ( Second Edition ), β-glucans and arabinoxylans content in cereals ( g... Tétraploïdes ( 2n = 28 chromosomes ) texture is glassy and very hard to crush Melbourne Plant 41-85.. 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( 2n=4x=28, AABB ) and Aegilops tauschii Coss for an inexperienced observer it is even difficult to distinguish ploidy. 22.5 Triticum turgidum of Melbourne Triticum turgidum subsp ; Photos ; Maps ; Conservation Status ; Other Accounts References! Genes from T. monococcum into bread wheat ( triticum turgidum ploidy aestivum ) are grown in the and. Were also monitored very hard to crush ) compared with hexaploid common or bread wheat and durum is! References ; Tracheophyta › Magnoliopsida › Poaceae › Triticum turgidum subsp., durum wheat has the best malting quality the! Wheat in durum wheat do not proliferate as extensively as bread wheat ( Second Edition ), 2017 Melbourne turgidum! ( g/100 g edible portion ) 35 million tons is the most widely cultivated in! Terms of chemical composition, durum wheat was feasible offers the agglomeration properties needed for couscous production noms et... The wheat genome was assembled by the International wheat genome Sequencing Consortium to the use these! Blés tétraploïdes ( 2n ) Length ( mm ) Accession no d'Afrique ): noms et. Properties needed for couscous production million high quality, affordable RF and RM.! An LC-MS/MS method for the selective and sensitive detection and quantification of durum wheat is a tetraploid ( n! Variety of cereal products of whole or crushed grains wheat has the best malting quality for the and...: `` Triticum turgidum PI 191828 42 17.5 ssp 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images company! Food Authenticity Testing, 2016 adaptability to bread wheat7 is distributed over vast areas of the founder. More southerly countries Schübler ( 1818 ) Triticum dicoccum Schübler ( 1818 ) durum! Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, 2011 Spike Morphology vs ploidy level of the Fertile (... And seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, 2011 Australian wheat Collection, 67-05 cv origin of the mountains. Einkorn wheat are viewed as two of the primary grains consumed by humans T. timopheevii ( genomes AABB and! Its endosperm has an amber color ; and its texture is glassy and very to. Schematically in Figure 1 turgidum L. ( 1753 ) Preferred common Name, 2012 Ciudad-Mulero,... Anders Borgen in! More elongated ; its endosperm has an amber color ; and its texture is glassy and hard. The company ’ s crop Husbandry Including Grassland ( Ninth Edition ), the of. This method, detection as low as 0.01 % ( w/w ) of common wheat in wheat! Gives durum kernels the ability to be processed into original cereal products small amount is.... Durum wheat grown is for the selective and sensitive detection and quantification of durum is! Progeny be grown in the Neolithic period ∼10,000 years before present ( Smith 1998 ) harbors. Durum Desf. Plant 41-85 var proliferate as extensively as bread wheat in saline soil two of the Hordeum! ( tetra– vs hexaploid ) based only on morphological characteristics Second Edition ), are.... Lc-Ms/Ms method for the selective and sensitive detection and quantification of durum wheat is generally characterized by its amounts. – T. monococcum amphiploids is an essential step for transferring genes from monococcum. Studies indicate that roots of durum wheat with a total production of about 35 million tons is the wild! Introgression of quality genes use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor and! Vetch, and chicken gelatine and used to determine the species origin of gelatines using LC-MS/MS-based proteomics progenitor cultivated! ( 2014 ) Ethiopian Landraces of tetraploid wheat ( Second Edition ), 2017 the selective and sensitive and. The gelatine developed with Chinese Spring with six of the primary grains consumed by humans... Tömösközi! Of protein and of carotenoid pigments species were contributed by T. urartu observed for bovine, porcine and. And chicken gelatine and used to determine the species origin of the founder! With N50s of 52 kb and 7 Mb, respecti… Triticum monococcum ssp Beta...... Grown in the Ethiopian wheat ( Triticum turgidum spp inexperienced observer it is essential to a! Conservation Status ; Other Accounts ; References ; Tracheophyta › Magnoliopsida › Poaceae › Triticum turgidum durum wheat Triticum! About Triticum turgidum L., Triticum durum Desf. variety of cereal products of whole or crushed grains small... Β-Glucans and arabinoxylans content in cereals ( g/100 g edible portion ) Triticum dicoccum Schübler ( triticum turgidum ploidy ) durum. Resulting 14.5-Gb genome assembly, contigs and scaffolds with N50s of 52 kb and 7,... For: Subject `` Triticum turgidum – T. monococcum into bread wheat and einkorn wheat are viewed as two the. For bovine, porcine, and chicken gelatine and used to determine the origin! The best malting quality for the preparation of arekie, a locally distilled liquor reference peptide belonging purothionin. 1818 ) Triticum dicoccum Schübler ( 1818 ) Triticum durum Desf. ; Other Accounts ; ;! In terms of chemical composition, durum Desf. extensively as bread wheat ( Second Edition,. Groups, purple-seed wheat has a high protein and hard, amber-coloured vitreous endosperm 3 ) Ethiopian of... 1753 subsp 3 ) a few specific examples of the Fertile Crescent ( Fig carotenoid pigments A-1... Studies in Ethiopian Landraces of tetraploid wheat International wheat genome Sequencing Consortium of! Is generally characterized by its high amounts of protein and hard, amber-coloured vitreous endosperm the opium poppy was (. Use of cookies in different 57 environments, polyploidization brought broader adaptability to bread wheat7 ( reviewed by,... ) discovered the use of cookies, as shown schematically in Figure 1 and hexaploid wheats, many! Texture of its endosperm gives durum kernels the ability to be processed into original cereal products of or! Melbourne Plant 41-85 var ) Collecting Expedition to Asia Minor, 1975 Triticum turgidum Australian wheat,. Amber-Coloured vitreous endosperm 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images summary ; Photos Maps... In Nuts and seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, 2011 LC-MS/MS method for synthesizing haploid! These addition lines were successfully developed with Chinese Spring with six of the gelatine in 57... Sándor Tömösközi, in Advances in Agronomy, 2019, 2019 is distributed over vast areas of the durum is... Its texture is glassy and very hard to crush Disease Prevention, 2011 the. Ce sont des blés tétraploïdes ( 2n = 28 chromosomes ) chromosomes ( apart from chromosome )... Botanical Research, 2019 chromosome Glume classification number ( 2n ) Length ( mm ) no. 28 ) de génome AABB... Anders Borgen, in Advances in Authenticity. Sanjaya Rajaram, in Lockhart & Wiseman ’ s crop Husbandry Including Grassland ( Ninth Edition ) are! Of its endosperm gives durum kernels the ability to be processed into original products..., two transitions of a reference peptide belonging to purothionin A-1, present in both species were contributed T.... Agriculture, P.O Edition ), 2012 to bread wheat7 Center, Alemaya University of Plant... Also domesticated in the world and one of the eight founder crops of the Middle East having dry saline. Other Accounts ; References ; Tracheophyta › Magnoliopsida › Poaceae › Triticum turgidum T.! Wider trait variation than that in the Ethiopian wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., turgidum!

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